Among HIV-infected individuals, 36.2 million (96%) were adults and 1.7 million (4%) were children. At the end of 2018, ~37.9 million people were living with HIV and 1.7 million people became newly infected. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), was discovered in the early 1980s, and since then it has become a global epidemic. This mini-review provides multiple perspectives to help in developing new generations of VLP-based HIV-1 vaccine candidates with better capacity to elicit specific anti-HIV immune responses. Here, we describe VLP-based HIV-1 vaccine candidates that have been enrolled in HIV-1 clinical trials and summarize current advances and challenges according to preclinical results obtained from five distinct strategies. Owing to immunogenic, structural, and functional diversity, virus-like particles (VLPs) could act as efficient vaccine carriers to display HIV-1 immunogens and provide a variety of HIV-1 vaccine development strategies as well as prime-boost regimes. Consequently, great efforts have been made to improve HIV-1 antigens design and discover delivery platforms for optimal immune elicitation.
Despite the limited efficacy of the RV144 trial in Thailand, there is still no vaccine candidate that has been proven successful. Prophylactic vaccines remain the best approach for controlling the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) transmission. 3Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.2EAVI2020 European AIDS Vaccine Initiative H2020 Research Programme, London, United Kingdom.1Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.I think what would work is to zero out the velocity where there is no smoke before writing the VDB file in Bifrost.Chun-Wei Chen 1, Narcís Saubi 1,2 and Joan Joseph-Munné 1,2,3 * In the meantime you'll have to use a workaround. We have already been discussing a different approach to this internally, and I'll remember to consider your case when we tackle this issue.
In any case, I think what is happening here is that when you splat the velocity from the points onto the Bifrost grid it gets extended to the entire volume which is very very large. Unfortunately, writing to and reading from VDBs is not a lossless operation since Bifrost volumes are adaptive and don't line up exactly with (sparse) OpenVDB grids, so you should expect some differences. also, I tried to use the write_openvdb_volume instead of file_cache but, no matter what, I'm getting this error No promotion exist from a value of type 'Amino::Object' to a value of type 'Array' and it's not working. the render engine confirms the problem through the feedback window with this error: The velocity grid is not of the expected float type Here's two images showing the volume_scope output with same settings, from the cached files and the direct output from the points_to_volume, the camera is at the same distance: this is how big the grid is at level 4 compared to the original one at same level (yes, the tiny grid cube in the second image is the correct size) if you try to read back the vdb cache and feed it to the volume_scopes it shows a MASSIVE difference in the size of display_tile_grid and levels, the size is huge and don't match with the original non cached data.